Key points of disease prevention and control knowledge after flood disaster

After the flood disaster, various infectious diseases, especially intestinal infectious diseases, insect-borne diseases and natural infectious diseases, are prone to occur, so it is very important to do a good job in prevention and control.

● Intestinal infectious diseases

Intestinal infectious diseases are pathogens that invade the intestine through the mouth and cause diarrhea and/Or other organs and systemic infections. Common intestinal infectious diseases in disaster areas mainly include bacillary dysentery, cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid, bacterial infectious diarrhea, viral diarrhea and parasitic diarrhea (cryptosporidium, etc.) caused by other bacteria such as Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Campylobacter jejuni, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Yersinia. Other intestinal infectious diseases include hepatitis A, hepatitis E and hand, foot and mouth disease.

cholera

Do not eat raw sea (water) products. The processing and storage containers of sea (water) products should be separated from raw and cooked, and eaten after cooking. Seafood cleaning personnel should wash their hands thoroughly before touching food and tableware. Do not drink raw water, only drink boiled water and qualified bottled water; Avoid large-scale dinners and leftovers; Do not defecate anywhere, let alone in wells and rivers; Painless diarrhea and vomiting require immediate medical attention; The ground, containers, toilets, faucets, clothes and bedding contaminated by feces and vomit should be cleaned and disinfected. Engaged in catering services, garbage disposal, or the general population can take oral cholera vaccine in time according to the recommendation of professional institutions.

bacillary dysentery

Do not eat unwashed fruits and vegetables, peel the fruits and eat them, eat less cold dishes, and eat less cooked meat and cold dishes; Eating raw garlic helps to prevent it; Food processing should be cooked thoroughly; Wash your hands before and after meals and before processing food; Prevent food from being bitten by flies; Do not drink raw water, only boiled water and qualified bottled water. Don’t pee anywhere. If watery stool, loose stool, purulent bloody stool, abdominal pain and diarrhea occur, you should seek medical attention immediately. Children with febrile convulsions should seek medical advice to rule out toxic dysentery.

Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever

Do not eat unwashed lettuce and fruits; Do not eat seafood such as undercooked shellfish. Do not drink raw water, only drink boiled water and qualified bottled water; Wash your hands before and after meals and before processing food; Don’t pee anywhere. At present, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are generally atypical, and when they persist,threeIf you have fever, headache and poor appetite for more than three days, you should seek medical treatment immediately if you have a history of eating unclean food or cold food. Engaged in catering services, garbage disposal, or the general population is vaccinated against typhoid fever according to the recommendation of professional institutions.

hepatitis A

Do not eat unwashed lettuce, uncooked shellfish and other sea (water) products. Do not drink raw water, only drink boiled water and qualified bottled water; Wash your hands before and after meals and before processing food; Don’t pee anywhere. Do not share tableware such as cups; If you have digestive tract symptoms such as yellow skin, eyes and sclera, nausea, greasy aversion and poor appetite, you should seek medical treatment immediately. Engaged in catering services, garbage disposal, or the general population vaccinated with hepatitis A vaccine according to the recommendation of professional institutions.

hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Wash your hands often with clean water and soap, especially before touching your mouth and nose, eating or handling food, after going to the toilet, when your hands are contaminated by blisters and respiratory secretions, after changing baby diapers and after handling contaminated items. Frequently clean and disinfect tableware, utensils, articles or surfaces (such as furniture, toys and common articles) that are in daily contact, as well as contaminated articles and utensils such as secretions, vomit and feces. Try not to share towels or other personal belongings. Adults should change clean clothes and wash their hands before coming home, and don’t feed the food chewed by infants and adults; Avoid close contact with patients, such as playing and kissing. Go to crowded public places as little as possible to reduce the chance of infection. Ventilation in the home or kindergarten. According to the recommendation of professional organizationsthreeChildren under the age of 18 can be vaccinated with enterovirus.71Type (EV71) vaccine to reduceEV71Incidence of infection and its severe illness and death.

　● Natural focus diseases

Natural focus diseases refer to diseases that exist for a long time under natural conditions, are prevalent among wild animals, and will infect humans under certain conditions. Due to the changes of natural environment during the flood, including temperature, humidity, water level and habitat changes of vectors, the growth, reproduction and living habits of pathogens, sources of infection, media and hosts have been affected; On the other hand, the poor living conditions, malnutrition and mental depression of the people in the disaster areas have reduced the body’s resistance to diseases and damaged the health and disease prevention measures in the disaster areas, which are easy to lead to the epidemic and outbreak of natural focus diseases. The natural infectious diseases that need to be mainly prevented after floods include hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (epidemic hemorrhagic fever), leptospirosis, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, schistosomiasis, plague, anthrax and brucellosis.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

Do a good job in hygiene and self-protection, such as ensuring that there are no rats in the home and workplace; Take good care of grain and food to prevent it from being polluted by rats; When cleaning the places polluted by rat urine and feces, it is necessary to properly protect them, wear rubber or plastic gloves and masks; Take measures to prevent rats from entering the room; Do not take rodent control measures such as artificial ramming of rat nests.

leptospirosis

seven～nineJune is the season of high incidence of leptospirosis, and the disaster-stricken areas are the areas with high incidence of leptospirosis. In this flood season, people’s chances of contact with infected water increase, the risk of disease increases, and the number of patients in flood season may increase. People in disaster areas should avoid contact with epidemic water, keep pigs and other livestock in captivity, actively cooperate with the government to carry out patriotic health activities such as rodent control, and seek medical advice in time if symptoms appear. Personnel participating in flood fighting and emergency rescue and farmers participating in rice harvesting may be vaccinated or take preventive medicine when necessary.

anthrax

seven～nineApril is the high incidence season of anthrax, and floods are the risk factors for the outbreak of anthrax in animals, and there is a risk of anthrax outbreak in some areas in the affected areas. Therefore, the most important measure for people in disaster areas to prevent anthrax is not to contact with dead animals. If animals such as cattle and sheep suddenly die, they should achieve the "three noes", that is, not to slaughter, not to eat, not to buy or sell, and immediately report to the local agricultural and animal husbandry department, which will handle it. Once you find yourself or someone around you with symptoms of anthrax, you should immediately report to the local health center or the disease prevention and control institution and seek medical advice in time. Pay attention to buying cattle and sheep meat products from formal channels, and don’t buy and eat dead livestock or meat from unknown sources.

Brucellosis

Wear gloves, masks and waterproof aprons when touching sick sheep, cattle and other livestock. Don’t drink raw milk or eat undercooked meat. The acute cases of brucellosis are mainly characterized by fever, fatigue, hyperhidrosis, muscle and joint pain and swelling of liver, spleen and lymph nodes. If there are suspected symptoms of brucellosis, you should seek medical attention as soon as possible. Delayed treatment can lead to chronicity and greater harm to your health.

snail fever

Schistosomiasis in China is mainly prevalent in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces. Flood relief workers in other places should pay special attention to whether there is schistosomiasis epidemic in the local area, consult local residents or disease prevention and control institutions, and understand the local schistosomiasis epidemic situation, as well as whether there is water from the surrounding schistosomiasis epidemic areas during the local river flood.

In schistosomiasis endemic areas, or areas that may be affected by the water coming from schistosomiasis endemic areas, it is forbidden to drink raw water directly, and only drink boiled water or bottled water or barreled water that meets the sanitary standards. Hand washing, laundry and other domestic water should be disinfected, every50Kg of drinking water with bleach.0.5Gram or bleaching powderoneDick.

Swimming, splashing, washing hands, washing clothes and other behaviors are prohibited in natural water bodies in epidemic areas, so as to avoid contact with infected water or water bodies with snails. When it is necessary to contact the epidemic water, apply protective ointment to the parts of the body that may contact the epidemic water, and apply the medicine again when the continuous contact with the epidemic water exceeds the effective time of the medicine in the ointment; Under the premise of preventing high temperature heatstroke, you can wear waterproof long rubber boots, pants, gloves and other protective equipment.

If you fail to take adequate protective measures when contacting the epidemic water, especially foreign rescuers, you should take the initiative to check schistosomiasis in the schistosomiasis control department, and treat the infection early if it is found. If you have symptoms such as fever, diarrhea and fatigue after contact with infected water, you should seek the help of a doctor as soon as possible, take the initiative to inform the doctor that you have been in contact with infected water in schistosomiasis endemic areas recently, and make diagnosis and treatment as soon as possible.

Small waters and beaches near temporary residence where snails are distributed can be treated with niclosamide to kill cercariae and snails. During the flood, cattle, sheep and other livestock should be kept in captivity as much as possible, and grazing in areas with snails is prohibited. Human and livestock manure should be collected in time as much as possible, and treated harmlessly to prevent the manure from flowing into the water.

malaria

Strengthen epidemic monitoring, establish epidemic monitoring points, timely and accurately grasp the epidemic situation, analyze the trend and make predictions, so as to provide scientific basis for formulating prevention and control countermeasures.

Strengthen the blood test of patients with fever, find the source of infection in time, standardize the treatment of patients with current diseases, and timely carry out the disposal of epidemic spots to prevent the accumulation and spread of infectious sources.

Carry out vector control measures, and carry out indoor residual spraying of pyrethroids on people’s gathering places and living places in disaster areas with high malaria incidence and high mosquito vector density.

Soak mosquito nets or long-lasting mosquito nets with mosquito-repellent incense and pesticides. Where conditions permit, install family anti-mosquito measures such as screen doors and screens in the residence. Advocate wearing long-sleeved trousers, spraying repellents such as tincture, cream and liquid on exposed skin, changing sleeping habits and other personal protective measures to reduce mosquito bites.

Carry out patriotic health campaigns, remove weeds and sludge, fill potholes, improve environmental sanitation, and reduce and eliminate mosquito breeding sites.

Carry out health education activities on malaria control knowledge to improve people’s self-protection awareness and ability in disaster areas.

(Article source: China CDC)　

Guangming Daily ( 2020year08moon02sun 06Edition)